61
In 759 Tu Fu was dismissed from office. Wandering all the way to far away Szechuan in his forty-eighth year, Tu Fu began to realize what official life was like and where he, as an individual, stood in a withering society. In his twenty poems written during his sojourn at Chinchow, he seemed to feel a keen disappointment in current politics. Thus he wrote:
759年杜甫被免官,48歲的他在遙遠的四川到處漫遊,當他一個人站在衰頹的社會現實中,他開始領悟到官場生活的本質。在他的〈秦州雜詩二十首〉裡頭,詩人似乎對當前的政治感到極度失望,因此他寫道:「唐堯真自聖,野老復何知。」

62
Again, his disappointment was expressed in another poem entitled “His Ping Ma,” or “Purging of the Woes of War.”
又一次,他把失望表現於另一首詩中,題為〈洗兵馬〉。

In this he referred to those who climb on the bandwagon of the national heroes; of how everybody had become princes and dukes; of how according to dynastic flatterers all tiny kingdoms outside of China were submitting tributes, thus reiterating his disappointment with the young emperor whom the poet estimated to be a mediocre ruler.
詩中提到那些登上花車的國家英雄以及如何「天下盡化為侯王」,如何成為阿諛者口中的「寸地尺天皆入貢」,因此杜甫重申他對於心目中這位年輕的平庸統治者的失望。

Thenceforth, he made up his mind that there was not much he could do and that he should not entertain any further hope of “elevating the emperor above Yao and Shun.” From that time on—especially after his arrival in Szechuan—he finally resolved to live the life of a poet for the rest of his life.
此後他做出決定,他已經沒有什麼能做的了,也不應該對「致君堯舜上」懷抱著深刻的希望。從那時起,尤其在他抵達四川以後,決定要以詩人的身份終老一生。

63
In the third period of his literary production, his life was a little more composed although as yet not entirely free from extreme poverty.
在文學創作的第三階段,雖然尚未徹底擺脫極度貧窮,他的生活卻稍微平靜起來。

Nonetheless, he had a little more rest and a little more leisure compared with his constant flight in the previous period. The heart of the T’ang Empire was still exposed to a whole series of emergencies.
不過,比起前一個時期不斷逃難的過程,他得以稍事休息,並得到些許餘暇。中原地帶仍然暴露於一連串的危機當中。

The An Lu-shan rebellion was prolonged by a new rebellion led by another insubordinate semi-Chinese general, Shih Ssŭ-ming; the Turfans, dissatisfied with their share of the war booty, pressed their invasion to the wall of the capital; and the central government was dropping daily in prestige and real power, making it possible for the different war lords stationed in the frontier regions to become so many petty kings.
安祿山之亂因為史思明叛變而延續著,他是一個不服從權威的將軍,帶有一半中國血統;而吐番也因為不滿意分得的戰利品,施加軍事壓力於首都城牆;此外中央政府的威信與實權也日漸滑落,軍閥得以駐紮在邊疆地區佔地為王。

China was destined to experience another period of political disintegration and division. Realizing what history had decreed for the future, Tu Fu confirmed his belief that what was open to him was nothing more than the life of a poor but dedicated poet. As before, he had no liking for reclusion and so he did not seek to leave the world, seeking only contentment and regularity in life as he found it. Hence, his poems written in this third period were ones descriptive of the simple life.
中國註定要經歷另一次政治的分崩離析。杜甫深知歷史上的前車之鑑,他更堅定了自己的信念,呈現在他面前的雖只是貧窮的生活,同時也是一種獻身於詩歌的生活。一如既往,他不喜歡隱居,因此不會想脫離世俗,他只求生活能夠滿足與規律,就像他所建立的那樣。因此,他在第三階段所作的詩,描述著儉樸的生活。

The echoes of war and devastation were still audible and political dependency was still attended with hardships but he was never deprived of his ability to elicit smiles and poetry from adverse circumstances. With the ripening of his age, his verse forms became absolutely mature.
戰爭與荒蕪所帶來的迴響仍可聽聞,政治依附也仍伴隨著苦難,但是他從未讓自己的能力被剝奪,還能夠在逆境中展露笑容與詩作。隨著年歲增長,他的詩變得完全成熟。

His short poems of this age were the natural overflow of his personality recorded at random without adornment and without conscious artistry but all palpitating with poetic flavor. They were continuations of the tradition of T’ao Yüan-ming and vanguards of the poetry of the Sung Dynasty.
到了這個年紀,他的短詩是他人格的自然流露,筆端自由而不佳裝飾,也沒有人為的加工,有的只是富於詩味的悸動。這些詩繼承了陶淵明的傳統,並成為宋詩的先驅。

What he was experiencing during this stage was real rustic life and not the life of self-styled farm hermits of the earlier part of the T’ang Dynasty. As a result, his poetry was real poetry dedicate to the appreciation of nature.
他在這時期歷經了真正的田園生活,不同於初唐時具有個人風格的田園隱士。因此,他的詩真正致力於贊頌自然。
(茅屋為秋風所破歌 杜甫)


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今天上課,討論篇章為賴和〈一桿「稱仔」〉,描寫日本殖民時代社會底層的悲慘命運。老師分享了一個他小時候的見聞,是臺灣人的阿Q精神。

老師問日本人:「日語的蘿蔔怎麼說?」
「大根(dai kon)」,日本人答。
「那kyo ri是什麼?」
「小黃瓜」

老師說:「我曾聽過買菜的臺灣人,擔了菜叫賣時,大喊『kyo ri rai kon』(臺語)」

聽到這裡我和一個學妹開始大笑起來,因為「kyo ri rai kon」日本人聽來是「小黃瓜、蘿蔔」,臺灣人聽來卻是「抓你來打」。

「抓你來打」,「抓你來打」……。菜販沿街對著日本人大叫「kyo ri rai kon」,心裡一定是很爽的。

雖然生活被壓榨,但是嘴裡心裡偷偷的罵,這就是阿Q式的精神勝利,在那個時代,不然你要怎樣。


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一早要跟雄紀討論日文,十點就在教室等,等了半小時他匆匆忙忙跑進研究室跟我說:「學姊我早上有課,記錯時間了,下午討論可以嗎?すみません。」上課優先,當然不好意思說什麼,就讓他去了。沒想到下午我們討論出一個有趣的主題,雄紀決定要寫中日顏色形容詞的比較,然後順便幫我把日語自我介紹寫好了,本來沒想到可以這麼迅速解決一件為了申請出國的麻煩事,老天讓我緊張了好幾天,付出一個期末報告協助,就輕易換來了。

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FLPT是語言測驗中心(LTTC)的一項外語能力測驗,由於今年沒有考到日本語能力測驗,所以就抓住今年最後一次可以考驗自己的機會,報名了FLPT中的日語測驗。記得去年還考FLPT德語呢,當時德文學了三課就去鳳新高中荼毒一下自己,程度有限,考了也看不出來考題難度有多少。

今次的日語測驗在LTTC本部考,也就是台大校園內,一早我跟阿玫從和平東路轉新生南路,再拐進辛亥路二段,辛亥路上有兩個側門,恰好我們走錯了,一進校園都是臨時鐵柵圍起的工地,校園地圖也沒標示語言中心的位置,問了幾個人還遇到幾個同樣找不到考場的人,好不容易找到考場了,在一樓大廳看到自己的號碼,想說啊找到了,開心的爬上樓竟然發現沒有四樓!於是又咚咚咚衝下樓問工作人員,他說:

「啊你的考場在隔壁棟啊,你走錯了啊!」

「可是你們標示不清啊?」我已經有點不爽了。

「外面都有貼標示牌,怎麼可能會找不到啊!」

結果等我兩個半小時後考完筆試出來,才發現很多人在進場鈴響才發現自己跑錯棟了,匆匆趕場,聽阿玫說兩棟人馬互換的人很多,所以工作人員不得已跑到室外來指引。

原來這就是所謂的標示很清楚的結果啊。阿玫說這是台大人的驕傲,他們以為所有人都應該知道台大長什麼樣子。

考完筆試、口試後,我覺得這個測驗比日本與能力測驗三級難度還高一些,有許多文法、語彙是三級日檢不會考的,而且還考了日檢沒有的口說,還好不用寫作文。八點來到考場,一點才離開,整個時間拖得比世界無敵拖的托福還長,還好精神不錯,沒有打起盹來。筆試時,同教室的考生泰半都提早精神出走了,聚精會神寫到最後一題的大概不多,結束時聽到他們互相詢問各自睡了多久,還揶揄冷氣太強導致睡不好,如果這是考不好的說詞,倒也可以算是一種另類的驕傲吧,我不喜歡。

考題對我而言雖然很難,但是認真閱讀考題其實也是一種閱讀訓練,明知考得很差,卻考得很起勁,尤其是閱讀測驗中出現了松井秀喜、青少女詐騙、數位音樂媒體、文學中的蛙鳴、羅馬帝國尊重異文化等很有意思的文章,枯燥的考試中儼然吹過一陣薰風,考試中於是笑了起來。

也許,有空會再挑戰一次,德文也好,日文也好。


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白先勇〈國葬〉中的文化議題

 

一、「國葬」的文化意義

 誰能舉辦國葬/國葬儀式/國葬對國家人民的意義

二、國民政府時期的軍政文化

 軍伍關係/蔣白關係/國共內戰/為何內戰/臺灣人如何看待國共內戰

三、外省文化

 今昔之感、無家之悲/外省族群的場域/說話、行為、價值觀的不同

四、李浩然與秦義方的特殊關係

 職務(同袍、從屬)關係/家人(父子、夫妻、同性)關係?

五、遺民思想

 白先勇的遺民思想/來臺人士希望回歸故土的心情

六、懷舊文化

 與《臺北人》其他篇章共有的,對舊時代舊生活的懷念/(可與其他項合併)

七、身分失落的新時代

 身分改變的釋然/接納新時代/(可與其他項合併)

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2008研討會感想──2008青年文學會議(2008/11/29-30於國家圖書館)

第二次參與青年文學會,和2006年那次相比,心得大有不同。二年前,剛投入中文研究沒多久,一切都未上軌道,也不曉得該如何上軌道,想當然爾對於論文寫作流程與發表過程都不很清楚,一時興起就報了名,接著頂了個南部氣息的腦袋走進會場,讓每個發表人當作氣墊搥打,強制性的當頭棒喝。

當時會議和今日有個共同點,亦即北部學生為主體,會議的說話方式、交誼方式、研究取向、標題模式等,乃至穿著打扮、聽講態度、論戰精神,都是一個北北的樣兒。這或許是因為在國圖舉辦有關,也和北部學術風氣較為開放、流行、多元有關吧,但這些價值並非全然正確,也不是唯一一條研究之路。

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