hannah+egg

52
In those days of apparent peace and prosperity, the pride of the world was the powerful Yang family. The main pillar of the Yang house was the beautiful Yang Yühuan, the imperial consort elevated to the position of kuei-fei, or noble consort. Her cousin, Yang Kuo-chung, had been made prime minister and her two sisters had been ennobled the Princess of Kuo and the Princess of Ch’in. It was the sparkling brilliance of these girls of the Yang family which supplied Tu Fu with the theme of his “Li-jên Hsing” or “The Ballad of the Beauties.”
在國勢鼎盛的時期，最為驕傲的要算是楊家人。主要的臺柱便是美人楊玉環，從宮女晉升為貴妃。他的堂兄楊國忠被立為宰相，兩個妹妹也分別被封為虢國夫人與秦國夫人。這些光鮮亮麗的楊家姊妹們給了杜甫〈麗人行〉的題材：

麗人行 杜甫

53
In satirizing the excessive power of the imperial relatives, the poet clearly maintained large measures of artistic restraint. He could have but did not say more. In spite of the semblance of peace and prosperity latent troubles all along the frontier were already obvious. Disturbances of a political as well as a military nature were being created by the Khitan, His, and Turkic tribes in the north and by the Turfans in the west, each ravaging and plundering frontier towns, periodically necessitating many a punitive expedition. For the year 751 a major military defeat of the Chinese imperial forces was registered in their attempt to quell a rebellion of barbarian tribes in Yünnan. The fatalities involved had mounted to sixty thousand. When imperial rescripts were issued to the citizens of the two metropolitan districts and to Honan and Hopei for volunteers for rebuilding the expeditionary force, popular reaction was completely negative. Consequently the prime minister, Yang Ku-chung, instructed the agencies of the imperial censorate to resort to pressure and violence in obtaining recruits, and injustices and corruption became widespread. The resentment of the common people which Tu Fu had witnessed was well expressed in his “Ballad of the war Chariot.” When we compare this poem with Li Po’s “Fighting Sough of the City” we see clearly that Li Po’s was an imitation of ancient ballads and Tu Fu’s poem was an indictment of current politics. Indictments as bold and unadorned as this were something new since the age of the Book of Song. In this light we might say that Tu Fu was a founder of a new tradition. Even some of the folk songs and literary ballads descriptive of the destructiveness of war do not measure up to the directness and clarity that Tu Fu had exhibited in accusing the government and even the emperor of misrule:
（〈麗人行〉中）雖然杜甫竭盡所能地諷刺皇親國戚，他還是在很大程度上清楚的謹守藝術限制。他可以說得更多，但是沒有。儘管外表看起來和平繁盛，國境一帶的潛在危機早已明顯可知。政治紛擾以及兵戎不斷，起自於北方的契丹、奚、突厥（回紇），以及西方的吐番，他們週而復始的蹂躪、掠奪邊城，使得朝廷必須定期懲罰性地征討。西元751年大唐軍的一場戰役，表現出鎮壓雲南吐番的企圖心，死傷達六萬人。當朝廷的敕令下達長安、洛陽以及河南、河北，招募自願者以重建遠征軍，大眾的反應是非常消極的。結果，宰相楊國忠下令巡察史（刺史？）訴諸脅迫、暴力的手段來徵兵，不公正（黑心）、貪腐廣泛可見。杜甫把親眼所見人民的憤慨之情寫在〈兵車行〉中，把這首詩拿來跟李白的〈戰城南〉相比較，無論是李白對古樂府的模仿，或者杜甫對政治現況的控訴都清晰可見。如此直露無華的控訴乃是自《詩經》以來的一項創新，從這個角度來看，杜甫可說是新傳統的奠基者。即使是某些描寫戰爭慘狀的民歌或文學詩歌，都不如杜甫在譴責統治者亂政時所展現得那般率直、清晰。

54
This mention of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to dull the edges of criticism against the reigning T’ang emperor did not carry boldness to the extreme. In “The Ballad of the Beauties” the Princesses of Kuo and Ch’in were forthrightly mentioned by name.
杜甫用漢武帝來暗指唐代君王並不算非常勇敢。卻在〈麗人行〉裡直率地把虢國夫人、秦國夫人給指了出來。

49(251)
Even when he was describing his own impoverishment he never failed to see the humorous side of poverty. In the group of three poems entitled “Sighs During an Autumn Rain,” hi wrote:
儘管他描述著自己的貧困，他看待的角度從來不失幽默。在〈秋雨歎三首〉中，寫道：

秋雨歎三首 杜甫
雨中百草秋爛死，階下決明顏色鮮。
著葉滿枝翠羽蓋，開花無數黃金錢。
涼風蕭蕭吹汝急，恐汝後時難獨立。
堂上書生空白頭，臨風三嗅馨香泣。

50(251)
During this first period of his literary activity he was in the prime of manhood and extremely eager to make his contributions to society. In moments of complete frustration he would express feelings of impatience with the lack of justice and would consider giving up everything to become a hermit.
在他文學活動的第一個時期正處於壯年，極度渴望對社會有所貢獻。幾次徹底的挫敗之後，他便用一種欠缺公正的態度急切地表達他的情感，並且想考慮放棄一切當個隱士算了。

去矣行 杜甫
君不見韝上鷹，一飽則飛掣。
焉能作堂上燕，啣泥附炎熱。
野人曠蕩無靦顏，豈可久在王侯間。
未試囊中餐玉法，明朝且入藍田山。

51(251)
The allusion to the jade diet was to Li Yu of the Later Wei Dynasty, who was said to have pulverized seventy pieces of jade for his daily diet to ensure physical immortality. The best jade was said to have come from the Blue Field Mountains. That was why Tu Fu was eager to go there for his experiment. Although he had no cooked rice, he would think of living on jade. This was a typical example of how Tu Fu would suggest disapproval of hermitage and at the same time distill from it any possible fun. It is this spirit of positivism that distinguished him from his eminent friend, Li Po.
詩中指的是後魏李預，據說他曾椎玉七十枚成屑，日日服用以確保長生不老。相傳最好的玉產自藍田山，這就是為什麼杜甫想要到那裡去試驗看看。沒米煮飯，但卻想吃玉過活。這是個典型的例子說明了為什麼杜甫暗示了隱士生活之不可行，同時他從中提煉出任何可能的嘲諷。這就是杜甫獨特的實證精神（正面思維），有別於他的知名好友李白。

46(250)
Tu Fu’s poetry shows three stages of development and progress in chronological order: (1) poems written before the great rebellion, (2) poems written during the rebellion and its aftermath, and (3) poems written toward the end of his life after his relocation in Chengtu.
杜甫的詩依次呈現了三個時期的發展：一、安史之亂之前的詩；二、叛亂期間與災後期間的詩；三、晚年移居成都之後所寫的詩。

47(250)
Tu Fu’s life in the first period was that of “donkeyback riding for thirty years.” Even after his elevation to an official post following his submission of the three fu compositions, his poverty seemed to have persisted. But in spite of his poverty ge always retained his bountiful humor, the kind of humor which was ingrained in him and was never consciously or artificially cultivated. Frequently, while the themes of his poetry were serious in the extreme, a few lines would precariously border on the pattern of limericks.
杜甫在第一時期的生活就是所謂那「騎驢十三載」。就算他在獻上三大禮賦之後升了官，他還是的貧窮依然如故。儘管貧窮，他還是保有充分的幽默感，而這種深植於心中的（根深柢固的）幽默感並不是有意識地或者刻意地培養出來的。當詩中的主題非常嚴肅的時候，他經常採用一種臨界於（幾近於）打油詩的方式來寫作。

48(250)
While he was facing poverty while holding a lowly position in Ch’angan, his most intimate friend was Chêng Ch’ien, a doctor in the Kuang-wên Kuan, or the Hall of Liberal Arts. Between the two of them there were frequent exchanges of verses written in mutual friendly ridicule, of which the following is an exmple:
儘管在長安的小官職不能使他脫離貧窮，杜甫還是結交了鄭虔這樣的知心朋友，鄭虔是廣文館博士。兩人時常以贈答以詩，詩句中常流露出朋友之間的揶揄，試看一下的例子：

　戲簡鄭廣文虔，兼呈蘇司業源明 杜甫
　廣文到官舍，繫馬堂階下。醉則騎馬歸，頗遭官長罵。
　才名四十年，坐客寒無氈。賴有蘇司業，時時與酒錢。

43(249)
At the end of the reign of T’ien Pao (755) he traveled to a distant county, Fênghsien, to see his wife and family:
天寶末年(755)，杜甫旅行到遙遠的奉先去探望她的妻子和家人：
自京赴奉先縣詠懷五百字 杜甫
入門聞豪咷，幼子餓已卒。

44(249)
It was in sorrowful circumstances like this that he sharpened his powers of observation and widened his care of the family into a grave concern for the state. Pouring out his mind without reservation he wrote a long poem of a hundred lines entitled, “On My Way from the Capital to Fênghsien County”—a poem in which he frankly unfolded the gloomy picture of the hard facts of life below the veneer of the so-called K’ai Yüan and T’ien Pao prosperity. Even before the ink of this poem had dried, general disorder accompanying the great rebellion had reached the state of absolute despair. Toward the end of the year Loyang had fallen, By the following summer in 756 the strategic pass of T’ungkuan was captured by the rebels. The emperor had no sooner left Ch’angan in great haste than the capital itself capitulated. A month later, a crown prince ascended the throne in Lingwu County to be known to posterity as Emperor Su Tsung. After resettling his family in a more secure place, the poet hurried to the emergency capital but was kidnapped on his way so that he kek not arrive at Fêng-hsien until the following year. Thenceforth, he busied himself partly by following the court in flight until it was back at Ch’angan, and partly by filling appointments away from the capital. He visited Loyang in ruins in 758 where he stayed for a while and wrote numerous poems—some strongly emotional—recording historic facts of the age.

45(250)
After relocating himself in county after county as a result of rapid official transfers, he seemed to have been suspended by his superiors, which fact aggravated his problems of poverty even more. In 760 he traveled southward from Shensi Province in the north to present-day Szechuan Province where he lived in Chengtu from 760 to 765. It was during this short period of comparative rest that his talents were appreciated by the military commissioner, Yen Wu, who recommended Tu Fu’s appointment as his staff adviser with the accompanying rank of counselor of the department of works, a position which gave rise to a popular appellation by which the poet is frequently indentified--Tu Kungpu or Tu of the Ministry of Public Works. From 765 to 770 he again found himself busy with constant relocation in different parts of Szechuan Province and along the Yangtze River eastward to the present-day Honan Province, where he died in Hêngchow at the age of 58.

寫於2007年10月，午後416教室
2008年第二屆喜菡文學獎（現代詩）入圍

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滴答！滴答！鐘躲在牆後思索著
關於迴圈的哲學問題
風在葉隙繞了幾回呢？
抱歉，這問題不太入流
哲學家不便回答

第十八屆西子灣文學獎現代詩佳作 2008/5/6

或許是我永遠也不會經驗的冒險 2008/1/20

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突然有一天
血液經歷一陣亂流
身體分裂出另一個體溫
孵育著你的成長宣言